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The Constitution of the Polish People's Republic (also known as July Constitution or Constitution of 1952) was passed on 22 July 1952. Created by the Polish communists in the Polish People's Republic, it was based on the 1936 Soviet Constitution (also known as Stalin Constitution), and it superseded the post-war provisional Small Constitution of 1947 which, in its turn, had declared null and void the pre-war April Constitution, defined as fascist. The Russian text of the Constitution was reviewed and corrected by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin and later translated into Polish. It legalized the communist legislature and practices as they had been introduced to Poland with the Polish Committee of National Liberation in the wake of Red Army progress in 1944. The constitution of 1952 broke the tradition of separation of powers, and introduced instead the Soviet concept of "unity of the state's power". While the ultimate power was reserved for the dictatorship of the proletariat, expressed as "the working people of the towns and villages",〔 the Sejm, the legislative branch of the government, had the paramount authority in government as per the 'will of the people', and oversaw both the judicial and executive branches of the government.〔 But as Warsaw law professor Rozmaryn expressed it, there is a big difference between the "law in books" and the "law in action, explaining that from 1952 through at least 1956 the Sejm exercised no real power, while the State Council (the executive committee of the Sejm) exercised it all instead. The constitution was amended twenty-four times, with the most contentious amendment being that of 10 February 1976. Following the revolutions of 1989 it was significantly amended between 1989 and 1992, and after 29 December 1989 it was known simply as the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. It was superseded by the new Polish constitution on 2 April 1997. ==Legislative branch== In the Polish people's referendum, 1946 the Senate of Poland had been abolished with the Sejm remaining the sole legislative body in Poland. Under the 1952 constitution the Sejm officially became the "supreme organ of state power" under article 20. The Sejm of the People's Republic of Poland started with 425 members in 1952, set so that one deputy represented 60,000 citizens. However, as the population grew the number of deputies expanded, so that by 1960 the constitution was amended, dropping the calculation and stabilizing the Sejm at 460 deputies. An article in the constitution stated that deputies were responsible to the people and could be recalled by the people, although this article was never used. Instead of the five-point electoral law, a four-point version was used (not proportional). Legislation was passed by majority vote. The Sejm voted on the budget and national plans as proposed by the executive. The Sejm deliberated in sessions, but the sessions were called by the State Council. The Sejm would also choose a 'Prezydium' body from its members, with the marshal of the Sejm always being a member of the United People's Party. During its first session the Sejm would also nominate the Prime Minister together with other ministers (Council of Ministers) and members of the State Council. The Sejm would also choose many other government officials, including the head of the Supreme Chamber of Control (''Najwyższa Izba Kotroli, NIK''), members of the State Tribunal (''Trybunał Stanu'') and Constitutional Tribunal (''Trybunał Konstytucjny'') as well as the Ombudsman (''Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich'') (the latter three institutions were created in the 1980s). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Constitution of the Polish People's Republic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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